最新刊期
卷 21 ， 期 2 ， 2023
Commentary
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- 摘要：Severe-profound hearing loss with poor hearing aids was an indication for cochlear implantation(CI). Preoperative evaluation, surgery and postoperative rehabilitation had their own characteristics in CI patients with microtia and atresia(MA). Audiological and hearing aid evaluation should be completed in patients with MA. Pure tone audiometry, acoustic immittance, otoacoustic emission and ABR thresholds of air conduction could be affected by the external auditory meatus atresia. So the ABR bone conduction threshold should be taken into consideration. Imaging evaluations includes the temporal bones high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) and the cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) should be performed to provide anatomy information, which were important to the surgical plans. When CI was performed in patients with MA, it was necessary to pay attention to the ones who were with abnormal anatomy, especially the facial nerve and inner ear malformations. The facial nerve monitoring and intraoperative CT should be used to avoid injury of facial nerve and make sure that the electrode location was accurate. It was necessary to minimize the incision to the second stage operation of auricle deformity. A specially designed speech processor was needed after the operation,because there was no normal auricle suspension. Similar to the CI patients with normal anatomy, the hearing threshold, speech recognition rate and MAIS/CAP could be used to assess the hearing and speaking ability. So, to the CI patients with MA, we should consider the characteristics of anatomy and operation to reduce the occurrence of complications.关键词：Microtia;External auditory meatus atresia;Cochlear implantation;Facial nerve malformation;Outcome;Evaluation
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发布时间：2023-05-22
Expert Forum
- 摘要：ObjectiveTo investigate the bimodal intervention (cochlear implant (CI) on one side and hearing aid (HA) on the other side) in children with bilateral profound hearing loss (HL) and its influencing factors, and evaluate the long-term effect of bimodal intervention(BI).Methods103 children with preoperative diagnosis of bilateral profound HL, unilateral CI and the time of postactivation more than 5 years were recruited, including 63 males and 40 females. The average age of CI implantation was 1.5±0.6y and the average postactivation time was 8.3 ± 2.6y. To investigate the use of HA on the contralateral side after operation, including whether the contralateral ear had worn HA after operation, the reasons why they had not worn HA, and whether they insisted on wearing HA. A total of 11 cases who still insisted on wearing HA were taken as the experimental group (BI group). Another 11 cases without HA, with the matched residual hearing in the non-implanted ear, the experience of CI, gender and age, were taken as the control group (CI group). The mandarin hearing in noise test (M-HINT) was used to evaluate the speech recognition ability of subjects under noise. Three modes were set during the test: the fixed speech sound came from the front, and the noise came from the front, CI side and non-implant side respectively.Results63 patients (61.17%) never wore HA after CI, mainly due to the poor performance of HA (50.79%); 40 people (38.83%) had worn HA on the opposite side, and only 21 people (20.39%) still insist on wearing HA; For subjects who insisted on wearing HA, the average performance in BI modes was 27.62% higher than that in CI alone mode. The average speech recognition threshold of M-HINT in BI group was lower than that in CI group, but there was no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05).ConclusionFor those children with bilateral profound HL, it is recommended to wear HA on the contralateral ear after unilateral CI when they cannot have bilateral CI due to various reasons. However, if there is no residual hearing on the contralateral ear, the benefits of HA may be limited.关键词：bimodal intervention;bilateral profound hearing loss;children;long-term effect
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发布时间：2023-05-22 - 摘要：The proliferation of mobile devices, cloud computing and artificial intelligence has given rise to new development spaces for hearing services. Based on new technologies, this study proposes a new service framework, Hearing as a Service (HaaS), which is a supplement to the traditional hearing medical service system. HaaS is a cloud-based hearing service, including edge hearing devices, internet-connected gateways, and cloud and big data support. As a supplement to the traditional medical service system, the benefits of HaaS include providing more hearing services through cloud computing services, covering more hearing users, and improving cost efficiency, as well as expanding the scalability of hearing medical resources. The HaaS platform can also provide multi-dimensional hearing services for hearing users, hearing medical personnel and hearing equipment manufacturers. For now, HaaS is still in its early stages and there are many challenges ahead.关键词：Hearing impairment;Hearing aids;Cloud computing;Internet of things;Patient-centered healthcare
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发布时间：2023-05-22 - 摘要：Remote hearing aids programing is a new model for person-centered hearing health care. It improves patients, hearing aids fine tuning satisfaction when they are unable to be seen for a face-to-face visit in the office. The paper mainly introduces domestic status of remote hearing aids programing including technical characeristics, clinical application and trends.关键词：Remote hearing aids programing;Hearing health care;Person-centered care
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发布时间：2023-05-22 -
A Review on the Objective Evaluation of Hearing Aid Benefits with Cortical Auditory Evoked Potential
摘要：Hearing aid verification plays an important role in the fitting process. Some hearing-impaired patients are unable to cooperate with behavioural speech tests due to factors such as age, cognitive impairment, other disabilities, and language experience. Therefore, it is of clinical significance to consider an objective tool to evaluate hearing aid benefits. Cortical Auditory Evoked Potential (CAEP) is an alternative means of evaluating hearing aid benefits in such populations because of its objectivity, testability in the awake state, use of speech stimuli, and good consistency with behavioural hearing thresholds. This paper introduces the progress and advancements of research in using CAEP to evaluate speech detection and recognition of hearing aid users, as well as the influence of hearing aid technologies on such as nonlinear frequency compression and noise reduction algorithm. Although CAEP has the potential to index aided speech detection and recognition abilities, and the influence of hearing aid technologies, there is still a long way towards using it as a clinical routine.关键词：Cortical auditory evoked potential;hearing aid;speech detection;speech recognition- 10
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发布时间：2023-05-22
Clinical Application and Remote Fitting of Hearing Aid
- 摘要：Objectiveγ- Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an important inhibitory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system. In this study, we observed the expression of GABAAα1 subunits in rat cochlear nucleus 1, 2 and 4 weeks after unilateral cochlear lesion.MethodsNewborn sprague-dawley (SD) rats were fed until 12 days after birth (P12). Half of the rats in each cage were randomly selected for unilateral cochlear destruction surgery. The control group was given sham surgery. One week, two weeks and four weeks after surgery, the bilateral cochlear nuclei of the experimental group and the control group were taken. After sectioning, the expression changes of GABAA α1 subunits in the cochlear nucleus was observed by immunohistochemistry.ResultsIn the experimental group, the expression of GABAAα1 receptor subunits in the cochlear nucleus of the operative side and the healthy side increased 2 weeks after the model establishment, and decreased 4 weeks after the model establishment; There was a significant difference in the expression of GABAA α1 receptor subunits on both sides of the experimental group 2 weeks after operation (P<0.01). There was no significant difference in the expression of GABAA α1 in bilateral cochlear nuclei 1 week and 4 weeks after operation in the experimental group (P>0.05); In the control group, the expression of GABAAα1 in bilateral cochlear nuclei increased 2 weeks after modeling and decreased 4 weeks after modeling. In the normal control group, there was no significant difference in the expression of GABA in bilateral cochlear nuclei 1, 2 and 4 weeks after operation (P>0.05); The difference between the operation side of the control group and the operation side of the experimental group was statistically significant 2 weeks after operation (P<0.05), and the difference was statistically significant 1 week and 4 weeks after operation (P<0.01).ConclusionThis experiment preliminarily suggests that the asymmetric changes of GABA receptors in bilateral cochlear nuclei of single side deafness rats,which may be necessary for the reorganization of the primary auditory center.关键词：Single-side deafness;Inhibitory receptor;γ-Aminobutyric acid;Cochlear nucleus
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发布时间：2023-05-22
Basic Research
- 摘要：ObjectiveTo shorten the length of the Chinese Hearing Handicap Inventory for Elderly-Screening (HHIE-S), and analyze the correlation between the full version HHIE-S score and the pure tone threshold and the correlation between the short version HHIE-S score and the pure tone threshold.MethodsA total of 659 community geriatric residents (173 from Beijing, 486 from Shanghai) completed the HHIE-S questionnaire, 173 residents from Beijing also completed the pure tone audiometric test. A constrained principal component analysis was used to investigate the questionnaire's potential for shortening and remove redundant items. Pearson correlation analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between the HHIE-S scores (full version and short version, respectively) and the pure tone average threshold.ResultsThe HHIE-S (10 items) total score, the HHIE-S emotional (5 items) subscore, and the HHIE-S social (5 items) subscore were significantly correlated with pure tone threshold (P<0.001); Results of the constrained principal component analysis showed that five items of the HHIE-S questionnaire could preserve about 80% of the questionnaire variability; Both full and short versions of HHIE-S scores displayed significant relationship with the pure tone thresholds (P<0.001).ConclusionThe Chinese version of HHIE-S has the potential to be simplified, and the simplified scale retains questions 1, 2, 3, 6 and 8 of the original scale, but still has a good correlation with the pure tone hearing threshold.关键词：Older adult;Hearing screening;Questionnaire shortening;Constrained principal component analysis
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发布时间：2023-05-22 - 摘要：ObjectiveAnalyze the clinical features and genetic mutations for a rare CEBALID syndrome and summarize the hearing-speech rehabilitation results.MethodsThe clinical data of a patient with CEBALID syndrome were collected and the whole exons of genome were next generation sequenced. Bioinformatics analysis was carried to determine the causative gene and mutations. Hearing and speech ability was evaluated and compared after one-year rehabilitation.ResultsThe patient showed the typical craniofacial morphologic features of CEBALID syndrome with severe sensorineural hearing loss in left ear and moderate sensorineural hearing loss in right ear. De novo heterozygous mutation c.3846_3849del(p.V1283Tfs*36) was found in gene MN1. After one-year family-based rehabilitation, categories of auditory performance (CAP) improved from level 0 to level 4, but speech intelligibility rate (SIR) had still not reached level 1.ConclusionA de novo mutation of gene MN1 was found in a CEBALID syndrome family through next generation sequencing. Hearing and speech rehabilitation helps improving the hearing and speech ability.关键词：MN1;CEBALID syndrome;MCTT syndrome;Syndromic hearing loss;Hearing and speech rehabilitation
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发布时间：2023-05-22
Clinical Research
- 摘要：The current study firstly reviews the research contents on the phonological processing skill of hearing-impaired children in recent 20 years from the three aspects of phonological awareness, phonological recoding and verbal working memory, and then it summarizes the previous achievements and research gap, and provides some suggestions to the directions of future studies of the phonological processing mechanism for hearing-impaired children.关键词：Hearing-impaired children;Phonological awareness;Phonological recoding;Verbal working memory
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发布时间：2023-05-22 - 摘要：This paper reviews the recent studies on the role of Broca's area in language processing, and expounds in detail the anatomical location of Broca's area and its research progress in speech language production and syntactic processing.关键词：Stroke;Broca area;Broca aphasia
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发布时间：2023-05-22 - 摘要：Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a well-established non-invasive imaging modality in the functional neuroimaging research. Several features of fNIRS, including low requirement on environments, subjects-friendliness, motion robustness,portability, noiseless,and non-invasiveness make it an advantageous tool in both clinical application and scientific research.It has been utilized increasingly, especially in the field of neuroscience. The review aims to introduces the mechanism of fNIRS, classification of equipment, data analysis, its advantages and limitations in detecting brain activity ,and emphatically disscuses the current application in the field of audiology.关键词：Functional near-infrared spectroscopy;Cochlear implant;Tinnitus
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发布时间：2023-05-22
Review
- 摘要：ObjectiveTo explore the characteristics of the onset time of the plosive voice of hearing-impaired children and its correlation with breathing ability, so as to provide a basis for the acquisition and correction of plosives.Methods20 hearing-impaired children aged 3-5 years and 20 hearing children of similar age were selected. 18 consonant vowel(CV) syllables composed by 6 stops (/b/, /p/, /d/, /t/, /g/, /k/) and 3 monophonic sounds (/a/, /i/ or /e/ , /u/) were selected, the tones are all the first tones, and the voice onset time (VOT) value is extracted. At the same time, maxium phonation time (MPT) was performed on the two groups of children and the correlation between VOT and MPT was analyzed.ResultIn the unaspirated plug sound, the VOT value of /da/ of hearing-impaired children was significantly greater than that of hearing children (P<0.05), and there was no significant difference in the VOT value of the rest syllables (P>0.05). In aspirated stop sounds, the VOT values of all syllables tested by hearing-impaired children were significantly lower than those of hearing children (P<0.05). The MPT of hearing-impaired children was significantly lower than that of hearing children (P<0.05). Both the VOT value of aspirated stop sound and MPT showed a significant positive correlation (P<0.05, r>0).ConclusionThe breathing ability of hearing-impaired children is significantly weaker than that of hearing children, and they need to strengthen breathing training, which is conducive to the learning of aspiration stop sound.关键词：Stops;Voice onset time;Hearing-impaired children;Respiratory function;Correlation
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发布时间：2023-05-22 - 摘要：ObjectiveThis study investigated whether the additional visual cues increase the identifications of Chinese lexical tone by children with cochlear implants in quiet and noise environment.Method80 preschool children with cochlear implants and 50 normal hearing controls at the same age participated in the experiment of tone perception in which they were asked to choose the one of two cartoon pictures corresponding to the minimal tone pairs presented in auditory-only modality and auditory-visual modality. Comparison was made between auditory-only perception and auditory-visual perception of lexical tones in both quiet and noise environment.ResultsVisual modality did improve tone perception by children with cochlear implants in quiet and noise environment but on different tones; in quiet environment the accuracy of tone 2 was lower in auditory than auditory-visual modality significantly (P<0.05) while the accuracy of T1 and T3 were significantly lower in auditory-only than auditory-visual modality in noise environment (P<0.05).ConclusionThe facilitation of facial expressions can be found in perception of certain tones by children with cochlear implant under quiet and noise environment, which can be used in speech rehabilitation of hearing-impaired children.关键词：Children with cochlear implants;Chinese lexical tones;Auditory-visual perception;Noise
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发布时间：2023-05-22 - 摘要：ObjectiveThis study aims to investigate whether children with CIs could make use of secondary acoustic cues to distinguish Mandarin tones in tone production as normal hearing children. If yes, the effects of implantation age and hearing age of cochlear implant on the use of secondary acoustic cues would also be explored.MethodThe duration and intensity of tone production were compared and analyzed in 108 cases of 3~7 years old children with cochlear implants (hearing-impaired group), 108 cases of 3~5 years old normal-hearing children (control group) and 33 adults (control group).ResultsThe implantation age of cochlear device is the key for children with cochlear implants to contrast Mandarin tone by duration and intensity. Early-implanted (implanted from 0 to 2 years) children could contrast Mandarin tones by these two secondary cues as 4-year-old normal hearing children.ConclusionReceiving cochlear implants before age 2 is critical for hearing-impaired children to contrast Mandarin tones using duration and intensity cues.关键词：Cochlear implant;Implantation age;Hearing age;Tone production;Secondary cues
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发布时间：2023-05-22 - 摘要：ObjectiveTo evaluate the audiology knowledge of rehabilitation teachers and parents of hearing-impaired children, and to provide them a basis for the guidance and training.MethodsWe tested 3 groups of subjects, which were small age children's parents of just wearing hearing instruments, parents whose children have been completed in the rehabilitation center stage and prepared into regular school, and hearing language rehabilitation teachers. Hearing priority consciousness, audiometric test methods, maintenance and use of hearing instrument and basics of audiology knowledge were used during the test.ResultsThe level of hearing management knowledge of the parents of the children who were going to be admitted to the general school was significantly higher than that of the parents of the young children(t=2.88, P<0.05). The proficiency of rehabilitation teachers in auditory management knowledge was significantly higher than that of the parents(t=4.60, P<0.05). The weakest aspect for both parents and teachers was the basic knowledge of audiology. Parents' awareness of the importance of hearing management and new parents' awareness of the importance of children's behavioral hearing measurement need to be improved.Parents need to improve in the listening equipment maintenance knowledge.ConclusionThrough the training, rehabilitation teachers and parents who have completed the stage of hearing and speech rehabilitation and are about to enter the general education have significantly improved their proficiency in hearing management knowledge. We should also optimize and adjust the methods and content of follow-up training in order to achieve better results.关键词：Hearing management;Training;Rehabilitation teachers;Parents of hearing-impaired children
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发布时间：2023-05-22 - 摘要：ObjectiveTo analyze the function and effect of family participation management under the guidance of shared decision in the speech rehabilitation training of children with hearing impairment.Methods31 children with hearing impairment who received family participation management under the guidance of shared decision in the speech rehabilitation training in the hospital from January 2019 to January 2020 were selected and included into the observation group, and according to gender, age matching selection principle, 32 cases of children with hearing impairment who received routine speech rehabilitation training at the past period (from January 2018 to December 2019) in the hospital were selected and included into the control group. Auditory ability, language ability, psychosocial status and quality of life were compared between the two groups.ResultsCompared with those before the intervention, the auditory ability and language ability scores of the two groups significantly increased at 2, 4 and 6 months after the intervention, and the auditory ability and language ability scores of the observation group were significantly higher than those of the control group at 2, 4 and 6 months after the intervention (P<0.05); After the intervention, fear of negative evaluation, social avoidance and distress, and total scores of Social Anxiety Scale of Children (SASC) significantly decreased in both groups compared with those before the intervention (P<0.05), while fear of negative evaluation, social avoidance and distress, total scores of SASC in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05); After the intervention, parents' expectation, family influence, children's quality of life and total scores of children using hearing implants quality of life (CuHIQol) in the two groups significantly increased compared with those before the intervention (P<0.05), while parents' expectation, family influence, children's quality of life and total scores in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05).ConclusionFamily participation management under the guidance of shared decision is more conducive to the improvement of children's hearing and language ability in the speech rehabilitation training of children with hearing impairment, and has more significant advantages in improving children's social psychological state and family life quality.关键词：children;Hearing impairment;Shared decision;Family participation management;Speech rehabilitation
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发布时间：2023-05-22 - 摘要：ObjectiveTo observe the effect of whole-course health education on children with cochlear implantation.MethodsA total of 90 children with cochlear implantation in our hospital were selected and included in the study. They were divided into an intervention group and a control group (45 cases in each) by random number table method. The control group received routine health education, and the intervention group received whole-course health education. The auditory function, psychological state, quality of life and social adaptability were compared between the two groups before operation and 6 months after operation.ResultsBefore operation, there was no statistical difference between the two groups in the scores of meaningful auditory integration scale (MAIS), symptom check list-90 (SCL-90), nijmegen cochlear implant questionnaire (NCIQ) and infant-junior high school student's social life abilities scale (P>0.05); Six months after operation, the MAIS score, NCIQ score and infant-junior high school student's social life abilities scale score of the two groups were all improved compared with those before operation, and the scores of the intervention group were higher than those of the control group (P<0.05). The SCL-90 score of the group was lower than that of the control group (P<0.05).ConclusionImplementing whole-course health education for children with cochlear implantation can effectively restore children's auditory function, effectively reduce children's negative emotions, and improve children's quality of life and social adaptability.关键词：children;Cochlear implantation;Whole-course health education;Auditory function;Social adaptability
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发布时间：2023-05-22 - 摘要：ObjectiveTo explore the effect of early rehabilitation intervention on language, social behavior and adaptability of children with language retardation.Methods102 children with language retardation admitted to the hospital from March 2020 to March 2021 were selected for observation and randomly divided into the study group and the control group, with 51 cases in each group. The control group received routine rehabilitation intervention, while the study group received early comprehensive intervention on the basis of the control group for 3 months. The language level was assessed by the S-S language retardation assessment method by the qualified speech therapist. The infant junior middle school student social life ability scale was used to investigate the children and their families, and to evaluate the social behavior ability of the children. The adaptive behavior assessment system second edition scale was used to evaluate the children's social adaptability. After the intervention, the family members of the children evaluated the satisfaction of the rehabilitation intervention process and calculated the total satisfaction.ResultsAfter the intervention, the abnormal rates of language comprehension, language expression, basic operation and communication attitude in the study group were lower than those in the control group, but the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). After the intervention, the scores of independent living ability, exercise ability, operation, communication, collective activity ability and self-management ability of the study group were significantly higher than those of the control group (P<0.05). After the intervention, the scores of concept skills, social skills and practical skills in the study group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). The total satisfaction of parents in the study group was 88.24%, which was significantly higher than 70.59% in the control group (P<0.05).ConclusionEarly comprehensive intervention is beneficial to promote the language development of children with language retardation, improve their social behavior and adaptability, and then make them better integrate into the normal social group.关键词：Language retardation;Early rehabilitation intervention;Language level;Social behavior ability;Social adaptability
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发布时间：2023-05-22 - 摘要：Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common chronic neurodevelopmental disorder. Current treatments for ADHD include both pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments. Exercise prescription has received increasing attention from researchers as a systematic, empirically valid and promising treatment modality. The effectiveness of exercise prescription for children with ADHD has been evaluated based on standardized assessment scales, neuropsychological tests, and laboratory instruments. It was found that among the elements of exercise prescription, the type of exercise did not have a significant effect on improving outcomes and simply conformed to the motor development patterns of children of all ages, while the intensity, duration and frequency of exercise were key to the effectiveness of exercise prescription. Longer duration, and moderate or higher intensity of exercise prescription training can achieve better improvement of ADHD symptoms.关键词：Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder;Exercise prescription;Measurement and evaluation;Exercise intensity and volume;Neuroimaging
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发布时间：2023-05-22 - 摘要：This paper mainly elaborates from three aspects: the definition of voice therapy and compliance, the influencing factors and how to improve voice therapy compliance. It summarizes methods to improve voice therapy compliance at home and abroad, so as to provide ideas for clinical researchers.关键词：Voice;Voice therapy;Adherence
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发布时间：2023-05-22 - 摘要：ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of parents' attention and compliance to rehabilitation intervention and other factors on the rehabilitation of children with developmental language disorder (DLD).MethodsA cross-sectional comparative study included 67 children who were diagnosed developmental language disorder in Chongqing Youyou Baobei Women's and Children's Hospital and rehabilitated in the Early Development Rehabilitation Center of this hospital from June 2019 to June 2020. All children were divided into high compliance group and low compliance group according to their family compliance. Language assessment results and fulfill rate of rehabilitation intervention plan in these two groups before and after the rehabilitation intervention were compared in this study.ResultsThere were significant differences in scores of overall language level (83.80±26.83 vs 58.06±42.28, P<0.01), listening comprehension (102.14±18.56 vs 92.00±15.90, P<0.05), language expression (82.17±30.39 vs 64.91±31.60, P<0.05) between these two groups. Fulfill rate of rehabilitation intervention plan in high compliance group were significantly higher than that in low compliance group, 100% rate (31.43% vs 12.50%), 80-90% rate (45.71% vs 25.00%). Increased comprehensive standardized Mandarin assessment score of high compliance group were also significantly more than that of low compliance group, in overall language (P<0.01), listening comprehension (P<0.01), expression (P<0.01) and syntax (P<0.05).ConclusionParent's support to children with DLD, their persistence and compliance in fulfilling the plan is a positive factor to improve their children's language performance during language rehabilitation intervention process.关键词：Compliance;Developmental language disorders;children;Rehabilitation;Fulfill rate
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发布时间：2023-05-22
Rehabilitation Education
Post Education
- 摘要：Affective prosody plays an important role in daily communication and emotional expression.Due to speech development disorders,children with Autism Spectrum Disorder have problems in the perception and production of affective prosody. This paper summarizes the contents of domestic and foreign researches on affective prosody of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder, so as to provide ideas for further researches.关键词：Children with autism spectrum disorder;Affective prosody
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发布时间：2023-05-22
Autism Rehabilitation
- 摘要：Based on the perspective of linguistics, this paper mainly introduces the speech disorder of a patient with cleft lip and palate, and analyzes the characteristics of the dysarthria. The linguistics theory and word ladder theory are used, and the functional context training method combining traditional therapy and phonological therapy is used as the core technology. According to the specific situation of the patient, the self-confidence cultivation, organ improvement, and multi-angle training are constructed.关键词：Linguistic;Cleft lip and palate;Dysarthria and speech correction;Phonetics correction
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发布时间：2023-05-22
Applied Linguistics and Language Rehabilitation
- 摘要：Cochlear implantation is an important method to treat severe and extremely severe deafness, and its effect depends on the integrity of the auditory nerve pathway. In the preoperative evaluation of hearing-impaired patients without residual hearing, electrically evoked auditory brainstem responses (EABR) can directly stimulate auditory nerve, which has advantages over conventional audiology tests. This review will briefly introduce the clinical value and postoperative programming in recent years.关键词：Electrically evoked auditory brainstem responses;Cochlear implant;Cochlear programming
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发布时间：2023-05-22
Research and Application of New Techniques and Methods of Cochlear Implant
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